Validation of the anxiety subscale of the Spanish version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS-A).

Introduction: There is a need to implement routine perinatal mental health screening in Spain. Therefore, it is necessary to systematise the detection of depressive and anxious symptoms in pregnancy and postpartum using the same instrument. The Edinburgh Postnatal Stress Depression Scale (EPDS) is frequently used as a rapid, effective and cross-culturally validated screening tool for perinatal depression. In several countries, an Anxiety subscale, the EPDS-A, was identified within the EPDS. Although the factorial structure of the EPDS has been investigated in Spanish population, the EPDS-A has not yet been validated. This study aimed to validate the EPDS-A as a measure of perinatal anxiety in Spanish population. Methods: 161 women were evaluated with the EPDS and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) during pregnancy and postpartum. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the trifactorial structure of the EPDS, comprising the dimensions of Depression, Anhedonia and Anxiety. Likewise, the invariance of the trifactorial model between pregnancy and postpartum was tested. Finally, the correlations between the EPDS-A and the STAI subscales (State Anxiety and Trait Anxiety) were calculated. Results: The Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) driven three-factor structure of the EPDS, consisting of an Anhedonia factor (Items 1, 2, and 10), an Anxiety factor (Items 3, 4, 5, and 6) and a Depression factor (Items 7, 8, and 9), was the best measurement model for the current data compared to the alternative model tested [χ2 = 34.592, df = 32, p = 0.34; χ2/df = 1.08; RMSEA = 0.023, 90% Confidence Interval [CI] [0.000, 0.064], CFI = 0.996, GFI = 0.960]. The model's invariance between pregnant and postpartum women was confirmed. The existence of an Anxiety subscale within the EPDS was also confirmed. The scores obtained with the EPDS-A correlated moderately with scores on both subscales of the STAI during pregnancy and after delivery. Using the STAI as a criterion and prioritising the instrument's sensitivity, a cut-off point of 4 points was established for the EPDS-A. Conclusion: Our results confirm the trifactorial structure of the EPDS in Spanish population. The Anxiety subscale was validated for routine perinatal mental health screening.

Custody and child symptomatology in high conflict divorce: an analysis of latent profiles / Custodia y Sintomatología de los Hijos en Divorcios Altamente Conflictivos: Análisis de Perfiles Latentes

BACKGROUND: There is much controversy about the impact of joint physical custody on child symptomatology in the context of high interparental conflict. In this study we analyzed child symptomatology with person-centered methodology, identifying differential profiles, considering post-divorce custody, parental symptomatology, and coparenting variables. We examined the association between these profiles and child symptomatology, as well as the mediating role of parenting in that association. METHOD: The participants were 303 divorced or separated Spanish parents with high interparental conflict. We used the study of latent profiles and the INDIRECT procedure in Mplus. We also controlled for the variables age and number of children, new partners, frequency of the relationship with the ex-partner, time elapsed since the divorce, and gender of the parent. RESULTS: From the parents' perspective, the profile characterized by low parental symptomatology and high coparenting, regardless of the type of custody, was related to children exhibiting less somatic, anxious, and depressive symptomatology, and aggressive behavior. The mediating role of parenting was also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Parental symptomatology, coparenting, and parenting are essential for understanding post-divorce child symptomatology and the study highlights importance of person-centered multidimensional models

ANTECEDENTES: existe una gran controversia acerca del impacto de la custodia física compartida en la sintomatología infantil en contexto de alto conflicto interparental. El presente estudio analizó la sintomatología infantil a través de una metodología centrada en la persona, identificando perfiles diferenciales al considerar las variables custodia postdivorcio, sintomatología parental y coparentalidad. Se analizó la asociación entre estos perfiles y la sintomatología infantil, así como el papel mediador de la parentalidad. MÉTODO: participaron 303 progenitores españoles divorciados o separados con alto conflicto interparental. Se empleó el estudio de perfiles latentes y el procedimiento INDIRECT Mplus, controlando las variables edad, número de hijos/as, nuevas parejas estables, frecuencia de relación entre progenitores, tiempo transcurrido desde el divorcio y género del/a progenitor/a. RESULTADOS: desde la perspectiva de los progenitores, el perfil caracterizado por baja sintomatología parental y alta coparentalidad, independientemente del tipo de custodia, se relacionó con menor sintomatología somática y ansioso-depresiva de hijos/as, y con menor comportamiento agresivo. Se confirmó el papel mediador de la parentalidad. CONCLUSIONES: se identifica la sintomatología parental, la coparentalidad y la parentalidad como variables fundamentales para comprender la sintomatología infantil postdivorcio, así como la relevancia de emplear modelos multidimensionales centrados en la persona

Custody and Child Symptomatology in High Conflict Divorce: An Analysis of Latent Profiles.

BACKGROUND: There is much controversy about the impact of joint physical custody on child symptomatology in the context of high interparental conflict. In this study we analyzed child symptomatology with person-centered methodology, identifying differential profiles, considering post-divorce custody, parental symptomatology, and coparenting variables. We examined the association between these profiles and child symptomatology, as well as the mediating role of parenting in that association. METHOD: The participants were 303 divorced or separated Spanish parents with high interparental conflict. We used the study of latent profiles and the INDIRECT procedure in Mplus. We also controlled for the variables age and number of children, new partners, frequency of the relationship with the ex-partner, time elapsed since the divorce, and gender of the parent. RESULTS: From the parents' perspective, the profile characterized by low parental symptomatology and high coparenting, regardless of the type of custody, was related to children exhibiting less somatic, anxious, and depressive symptomatology, and aggressive behavior. The mediating role of parenting was also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Parental symptomatology, coparenting, and parenting are essential for understanding post-divorce child symptomatology and the study highlights importance of person-centered multidimensional models.

Empatía y mindfulness como factores mentalizadores intervinientes en las relaciones entre el apego y la sensibilidad interpersonal en mujeres / Empathy and mindfulness as mentalizing factors intervening in the relationships between attachment and interpersonal sensitivity in women

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el papel de las variables mentalizadoras (empatía y mindfulness) en la relación entre el estilo de apego adulto y la sensibilidad interpersonal en mujeres. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La muestra consta de 364 mujeres, con una media de edad de 36.54 años (DT = 3.69). Las variables de estilo de apego, empatía, mindfulness y sensibilidad interpersonal se han evaluado utilizando instrumentos autoadministrados de adecuada validez y fiabilidad. RESULTADOS: Los resultados indican una mayor sensibilidad interpersonal en las mujeres con estilos de apego inseguros, en comparación con las mujeres que refieren estilos de apego más seguros. Por otro lado, existe mayor empatía y mindfulness en las mujeres con estilos de apego seguros. Además, la empatía y el mindfulness explican de forma significativa un porcentaje de la varianza en la sensibilidad interpersonal. CONCLUSIONES: Se comentan las implicaciones de estas diferencias significativas en el desarrollo de programas tanto de prevención como de intervención en mujeres

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study is to evaluate the role of mentalizing variables (empathy and mindfulness) in the relationship between adult attachment style and interpersonal sensitivity in women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consists of 364 women, with an average age of 36.54 years (SD = 3.69). Attachment style, empathy, mindfulness and interpersonal sensitivity variables have been evaluated using self-report instruments with adequate validity and reliability. RESULTS: The results show greater interpersonal sensitivity in women with insecure attachment styles, compared to women who report more secure attachment styles. On the other hand, there is greater empathy and mindfulness in women with secure attachment styles. In addition, empathy and mindfulness significatively explain a percentage of the variance in interpersonal sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The implications of these differences in the development of both prevention and intervention programs for women are discussed

La relación entre la función reflexiva parental y el ajuste socioemocional de bebés de 9 a 14 meses de la Comunidad Aytónoma Vasca / The relationship between the parental refletive function and the socio-emotional adjustment of babies 9-14 moths old from the Basque Autonomous Country

La interacción entre el bebé y sus figuras de apego es un elemento clave para el desarrollo socioemocional de los/las menores. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre la función reflexiva parental y la autorregulación socioemocional de bebés de 9 a 14 meses de edad de la CAV. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 108 padres y madres (14 hombres y 92 mujeres) de menores entre 9 y 14 meses de edad pertenecientes al consorcio de Haurreskolas del País Vasco. Los resultados muestran que la función reflexiva parental se asocia con una autorregulación socioemocional más ajustada de los/ las menores

The relationship that is established between the baby and their attachment figures is essential for the socioemotional development of the child. The main goal of this research was to analyze the relationship between the parental reflective functioning and socio-emotional self regulation of infants between 9 to 14 months old from CAV. The sample consisted of 108 parents (14 men and 92 women) of infants between 9 to 14 months old who were enrolled at the Haurreskolas Consortium from the Basque Country. The results showed that parental reflective functioning is related to the optimal socioemotional self regulation of infants

La relación entre las competencias paterna y materna y el ajuste socioemocional de bebés de 0 a 2 años de la CAV / The relationship between paternal and maternal competences and the socio-emocional adjustment of babies from 0 to 2 years of the Basque Country

La relación que se establece entre el bebé y sus figuras de apego durante sus primeros años de vida es fundamental de cara al desarrollo socioemocional de los/las menores. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre las competencias parentales del padre y de la madre y el desarrollo socioemocional de menores entre 0 a 2 años de la CAV. Como objetivo secundario, se analizó si existen diferencias significativas en competencias parentales según el desarrollo socioemocional de los/las menores. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 676 padres y madres (192 hombres y 485 mujeres) de menores entre 0 y 2 años pertenecientes al consorcio de Haurreskolak del País Vasco. Los resultados muestran que la figura materna ejerce una influencia fundamental en el desarrollo socioemocional del menor en su primer año de vida y la figura paterna tiene un papel fundamental sobre todo a partir de los 9 meses de edad contribuyendo al óptimo ajuste socioemocional de los/las menores

The relationship that is established between the baby and their attachment figures during their first years of life is essential for the socioemotional development of the child. The main goal of this research was to analyze the relationship between the parenting skills of the father and mother, and the socio-emotional development of infants between 0 to 2 years from CAV. As a secondary goal, it was analyzed whether there were significant differences in parenting skills by socioemotional development of the child. The sample consisted of 676 parents (192 men and 485 women) of infants between 0 and 2 years of age who were enrolled at Haurreskolak Consortium from the Basque Country. The results showed that the mother figure exerts a fundamental influence on the socio-emotional development of infants in their first year of life, and the father figure exerts an essential role, especially from 9 months of age, by contributing to the optimal socio-emotional adjustment of the infant

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV / Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Escala de Evaluación de la Adaptabilidad y la Cohesión Familiar

Introduction: Building on the expanding cross cultural interest in FACES, the Spanish version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES IV), aimed at the assessment of the dimensions of cohesion and flexibility of the Circumplex Model, was validated following the author´s guidelines. Method: The sample was composed by 665 college students. Besides, FACES II was also used and family communication, satisfaction, stress and strengths were also measured. Results: The results supported its psychometric adequacy. Construct validity, concurrent and discriminant validity of all the scales were confirmed, maintaining the original structure of the instrument, with 6 scales, 4 Unbalanced scales (Disengaged, Enmeshed, Rigid, and Chaotic), and two Balanced scales (Cohesion and Flexibility). Additionally, the ratio scores confirmed the curvilinearity of the model. Conclusion: All the results supported the adequacy of the Spanish version, which is also promising for use in educational settings, in counseling and in research. Findings with the Spanish version of FACES IV are similar to findings in the United States and other countries (AU)

Antecedentes: partiendo del creciente interés en distintas culturas por el FACES, la versión española de la Spanish version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES IV), dirigida a evaluar las dimensiones de cohesión y flexibilidad del Modelo Circumplejo, fue validada siguiendo las guías del autor. Método: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 665 estudiantes universitarios. Además del FACES IV, también se empleó el FACES II, y la comunicación, satisfacción, estrés y recursos familiares también fueron evaluados. Resultados: los resultados apoyaron su adecuación psicométrica. La validez de constructo, concurrente y discriminante de todas las escalas fue confirmada, manteniendo la estructura original del instrumento con 6 escalas, 4 extremas (Desapego, Apego, Rigidez y Caos) y dos moderadas (Cohesión y Flexibilidad). Las ratios confirmaron la curvilinealidad del modelo. Conclusión: todos los resultados apoyaron la adecuación de la versión española, la cual es prometedora para su uso en contexto educativo, en orientación psicológica y en investigación. Los resultados con la versión española del FACES IV son similares a los encontrados en Estados Unidos y otros países (AU)

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV.

INTRODUCTION: Building on the expanding cross cultural interest in FACES, the Spanish version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES IV), aimed at the assessment of the dimensions of cohesion and flexibility of the Circumplex Model, was validated following the author´s guidelines. METHOD: The sample was composed by 665 college students. Besides, FACES II was also used and family communication, satisfaction, stress and strengths were also measured. RESULTS: The results supported its psychometric adequacy. Construct validity, concurrent and discriminant validity of all the scales were confirmed, maintaining the original structure of the instrument, with 6 scales, 4 Unbalanced scales (Disengaged, Enmeshed, Rigid, and Chaotic), and two Balanced scales (Cohesion and Flexibility). Additionally, the ratio scores confirmed the curvilinearity of the model. CONCLUSION: All the results supported the adequacy of the Spanish version, which is also promising for use in educational settings, in counseling and in research. Findings with the Spanish version of FACES IV are similar to findings in the United States and other countries.

Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS): adaptation to Spanish and proposal for a brief version of 12 items.

The psychometric properties of the adapted Spanish version of the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale were examined. The main goal was to investigate the reliability and construct validity of the conceptual structure of Condon's proposal. Five hundred twenty-five pregnant women, attending maternal education classes in Bizkaia (Spain), answered the translated and back-translated version of the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale. This scale comprises 19 items with five answer choices divided into two subscales: quality of attachment and intensity of attachment. Participants also answered a questionnaire about the reproductive history that was developed ad hoc for the present study. The Spanish adaptation of the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale final version comprises 12 items: seven items have been removed due to their inadequate psychometric properties. Internal consistency of the inventory is moderate-high (.73) and it ranges from .68 (intensity of attachment) to .75 (quality of attachment) for the dimensions. Three alternative structural models were proven using a confirmatory factor analysis. Lastly, the two-related-factor model was chosen, as it obtained suitable fit indexes (χ (2) = 102.28; p < .001; goodness-of-fit index (GFI) = .92; comparative fit index (CFI) = .95; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .042, 90 % CI [.030-.054]). Due to its adequate psychometric properties, the Spanish version of the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale can be proposed as a suitable instrument for the purpose of measuring antenatal attachment. The study of antenatal attachment helps to detect possible difficulties for the mother in establishing an affective relationship with the foetus. This may affect the foetus growth, delivery and the future mother-child relationship.

Modelo cognitivo-contextual del conflicto interparental y la adaptación de los hijos / A cognitive-contextual framework of the marital conflict and child-ren’s adjustment

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido comprobar en población española la validez del modelo cognitivo-contextual como modelo teórico explicativo de la relación existente entre el conflicto interparental y la adaptación de los hijos. Para ello se contó con la participación de 3957 estudiantes (50.2% mujeres, 49.8% hombres; edad media= 15.68 años). Se valoraron a través de cuestionario las siguientes variables: el conflicto inteparental percibido por parte de los hijos (CPIC), el bienestar-malestar psicológico de los hijos (YSR), el rendimiento académico (CDE) y la satis-facción familiar (FS). Sendos modelos de regresión jerárquica consiguen explicar un 22.6% de la varianza del malestar emocional de los hijos y un 26% de las rendimiento académico. Un modelo de estructura de covarianza (CFI, GFI y AGFI >.95) permite constatar un efecto claro y directo del conflicto interparental sobre la afectividad de los hijos pero no sobre el rendimiento académico el cual es repercutido más directamente por el grado de malestar emocional presente en los hijos; es decir, la relación del conflicto parental con el rendimiento académico no es directa, sino que viene mediada por el grado de afectividad (AU)

The aim of these research is to check cognitive-contextual model’s validity in Spanish population as a theoretical framework which can explain the connection between marital conflict and childrens’ adjustment. 3957 students were included in the sample (50.2% female, 49.8% male; Average age= 15.68 years old). The following variables were assessed through questionnaires: children perception of interparental conflict (CPIC), children’s psychological wellbeing (YSR), academic performance (CDE) and family satisfaction (FS). Hierarchical regression models are able to explain the 22.6% of the variance on children’s emotional unrest, and the 26% on academic performance. A covariance structure model (CFI, GFI y AGFI >0.95) has confirmed a clear and direct effect of interparental conflict on children’s affectivity, but no on academic performance, which is more directly affected by children’s emotional unrest. In other words, the relation between interparental conflict and academic performance is not direct, it is mediated by the level of affectivity (AU)